Biodiesel Production over Niobium-Containing Catalysts: A Review

Nowadays, the synthesis of biofuels from renewable raw materials is very popular. Among various challenges involved in improving these processes, environmentally benign catalysts compatible with an inexpensive feedstock have become more important. Herein, we report recent advances achieved development Niobium-containing heterogeneous as well their use routes to produce biodiesel. The efficiency different Niobium esterification and transesterification reactions lipids oleaginous was evaluated, considering effect main reaction parameters such temperature, time, catalyst load, oil:alcohol molar ratio on biodiesel yield. catalytic performance compounds discussed characterization data obtained by techniques, including NH3-TPD, BET, Pyr-FT-IR analysis. high activity attributed its inherent properties, active sites distribution over a specific surface area, strength acidity, nature, amount acidic sites, mesoporosity. On top this, recycling experiments proven that most are stable can be repeatedly used consistent activity.